The Hidden Crisis: Muscle Dysmorphia 'Bigorexia' on the Rise Among Boys
While parents today are often vigilant about common mental health conditions tied to body image, such as anorexia, a lesser-known disorder is gaining alarming traction, particularly among young males. Muscle dysmorphia, colloquially termed "bigorexia," represents a growing psychological concern that experts say is frequently overlooked in boys and adolescents.
Understanding Bigorexia: A Distorted Self-Image
Muscle dysmorphia is a psychological condition and a specific type of body dysmorphic disorder that centers on a distorted perception of one's muscle size and physical appearance. Kara Becker, a certified eating disorder therapist and national director of eating disorder programs at Newport Healthcare, explains that individuals with bigorexia become obsessively focused on becoming more muscular. They often believe their bodies are inadequately brawny, even if they possess a physique comparable to a bodybuilder.
Amy Gooding, a clinical psychologist at the Eating Recovery Center in Baltimore, notes that this inaccurate self-view can precipitate unhealthy behaviors. "This belief and subsequent preoccupation can lead to obsessive exercise routines and drastic dietary changes aimed at achieving extreme leanness," she states. The disorder's insidious nature means it often flies under the radar, especially in male populations where eating disorders are historically under-recognized.
Alarming Statistics and Underdiagnosis in Males
Research underscores a troubling upward trend in muscle dysmorphia. A 2019 study revealed that 22% of adolescent boys engage in "muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors," utilizing supplements, dietary alterations, and even steroids to bulk up. Jason Nagata, a pediatrician specializing in eating disorders in boys and men and co-author of the study, highlights that eating disorders in males are frequently under-diagnosed.
Recent Canadian data adds to the concern, showing a dramatic increase in hospitalizations for eating disorders among male patients since 2002. Gooding points out that muscle dysmorphia can be easily missed because behaviors like excessive gym attendance are often socially encouraged, and shame or secrecy may prevent sufferers from seeking help.
The Social Media Catalyst: Fueling Unrealistic Ideals
Experts unanimously identify social media as a primary driver in the rise of bigorexia among youth. Nagata observes that young people are not only consuming idealized body images but also face pressure to produce and display their own bodies online. "Men's bodies are on display more than ever on social media, especially through influencer accounts. Constant comparisons to these idealized bodies may lead to body dissatisfaction and bigorexia," he warns.
Joseph J. Trunzo, a psychology professor and associate director at Bryant University, elaborates on the deceptive nature of online content. Influencers and celebrities often invest in professional trainers and chefs to maintain their images, and photos are meticulously curated with filters, lighting, and editing. "None of it is real. We are constantly exposed to unrealistic, idealized versions of the human body at an unprecedented rate," Trunzo asserts. This exposure, combined with harsh comment sections, can exacerbate insecurity and low self-esteem in impressionable young individuals.
Risk Factors and Vulnerable Groups
Becker notes that multiple factors contribute to bigorexia, including biological predispositions, psychological traits like low self-esteem or perfectionism, and sociocultural influences. Trauma and bullying are also significant risk factors. Nagata adds that certain groups are particularly vulnerable: bodybuilders, competitive athletes, and those who lift weights primarily for appearance rather than performance are at higher risk than the general population.
Parental Guidance: Strategies for Prevention and Support
Parents play a crucial role in mitigating the risks associated with muscle dysmorphia. Trunzo advises limiting social media consumption where possible and engaging in open dialogues about the content children encounter. "Listen to what they say, how they interpret what they see, and ensure they understand the reality behind the images," he recommends. Emphasizing values beyond physical appearance—such as kindness, creativity, and humor—is essential.
Gooding suggests challenging unhealthy messaging about "perfect bodies" and promoting body diversity. Conversations about exercise should include balanced messages about proper nutrition, rest, and recovery. When buff celebrities appear in media, provide context; for example, discussing the extreme measures actors like Hugh Jackman undertake for roles.
Cherie Miller, a therapist and CEO at Nourished Soul Center for Healing, advocates for "body respect"—teaching children to care for their bodies through healthy habits without striving for unattainable ideals. "Talking about body diversity as a good and natural thing is important too. Life would be boring if we all looked the same," she remarks.
Recognizing Warning Signs and Seeking Help
Early intervention is vital. Nagata lists red flags such as preoccupation with weight, food, or exercise that impairs social, academic, or daily functioning. "Some boys spend all their waking hours exercising and feel guilty if they miss the gym. They may avoid meals with family due to rigid dietary concerns," he notes.
If parents suspect their child is struggling, professional help should be sought promptly. Nagata recommends consulting a pediatrician and assembling an interdisciplinary team including mental health, medical, and nutrition providers. Specialists in body dysmorphia can help individuals identify triggers and develop coping strategies.
Trunzo cautions that untreated muscle dysmorphia can have life-altering consequences, underscoring the urgency of addressing this issue. By fostering awareness, open communication, and early support, parents and caregivers can help protect young people from the psychological perils of bigorexia.
