Cognitive changes can be challenging at any age, but when they affect memory and thinking, it's crucial to pay attention. While not all cognitive changes indicate dementia, some do. Dr. Gregory Day, a behavioral neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Florida, defines dementia as a change in memory and thinking that interferes with daily life. Recent research predicts that 42% of American adults over 55 will develop dementia in their lifetime. Early diagnosis allows individuals and caregivers to plan for care and potentially access treatments that slow progression. Here are five early signs of dementia that experts say often appear first.
1. Short-Term Memory Loss
Dr. Stephanie Nothelle, a geriatrician at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, notes that short-term memory loss is a common early sign. Unlike occasionally forgetting a word or misplacing an item, this involves forgetting details of a conversation hours later or repeatedly asking the same questions. Dr. Jori Fleisher of Rush University adds that repeating oneself frequently is a red flag. Practical issues like missing appointments, taking incorrect medication doses, or getting lost on familiar routes may also signal a problem. The key is a consistent change from previous behavior that disrupts daily life.
2. Trouble with Executive Functioning
Executive functioning, or the planning part of the brain, can decline early in dementia. Dr. Nothelle explains that complex tasks like planning a dinner party become difficult—managing dietary restrictions, shopping, cooking, and coordinating details can overwhelm someone with early dementia. If a person can no longer handle such multi-step tasks, it may indicate cognitive decline.
3. Personality Changes
Mood and personality shifts are another early sign. A once-outgoing person may become withdrawn, or someone may become more apathetic or impulsive. Dr. Nothelle emphasizes that these are not normal aging or a lack of filter but reflect subtle brain changes. Such changes warrant attention.
4. Consistent Word-Finding Difficulty
Occasional trouble finding the right word is normal, but when it happens daily and interrupts conversation, it's a concern. Dr. Day notes that persistent word-finding difficulty is a common reason people seek medical evaluation. If it becomes an everyday issue, it may indicate a more serious problem.
5. Susceptibility to Financial Scams
Increased vulnerability to financial scams is a growing concern. Scammers often target older individuals, and those with dementia are at higher risk. Dr. Fleisher warns that if a loved one falls for a scam, it's worth evaluating their cognitive health. Shame may prevent disclosure, but awareness is key.
While dementia is common, healthy lifestyle habits can reduce risk or slow progression. Dr. Day recommends screening and managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar; prioritizing sleep and treating sleep apnea; exercising regularly; eating a nutritious diet; limiting alcohol; and quitting smoking. Social engagement also helps. Small steps like a 20-minute walk three times a week can make a difference. There is no cure, but these measures can help people live longer, better lives. As Dr. Fleisher says, many people live well with dementia, empowered by knowledge and healthcare teams.
